紫茎泽兰的化学成分研究

为了解紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.)的化学成分,从其乙醇提取物中分离得到7 个化合物。通过波谱分析,分别鉴定为万寿菊苷(1)、7-O-(6-methoxykaempferol)-β-D-glucopranoside (2)、4'-甲基醚万寿菊苷(3)、3-O-(6-methoxykaempferol)-β-D-glucopranoside (4)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯 (5)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯 (6)、1,4-bis(2-benzoxazolyl)naphthalene (7)。其中化合物1~4 为首次从紫茎泽兰中分离得到。     

用超微细胞化学定位技术揭示ATP酶在紫茎泽兰高温适应性中的作用

【背景】外来人侵植物紫茎泽兰自然演化出耐高温种群,其适应机制与各种生理代谢有关。【方法】本文从超微细胞化学水平,对紫茎泽兰抗高温种群、敏感种群ATP酶活性定位,明确其在高温适应性中的作用,试图阐明该草的生态适应机制。【结果】正常情况下,紫茎泽兰ATP酶主要定位于细胞壁及细胞间隙周围的细胞壁表面;经40℃高温处理后,在不同的处理时间下,抗性、敏感种群之间ATP酶的活性表现出明显差异,其中以处理12h时差异最大,具体表现为抗高温种群的ATP酶活性明显高于敏感种群,ATP酶的定位点除细胞壁外,在细胞膜上也呈现大量的分布,而敏感种群在处理12h时的酶活性明显降低,只在细胞壁上有零星的分布。处理24h时,敏感种群叶片已完全萎蔫,细胞结构毁坏,细胞膜破损;而抗高温种群叶片仍然完好,细胞膜上仍有ATP酶分布。【结论与意义】经40℃高温处理后,紫茎泽兰抗高温种群ATP酶活性明显高于敏感种群,初步认为紫茎泽兰对高温的适应性与ATP酶活性相关。本研究为进一步阐明与紫茎泽兰适应性相关的入侵机理提供了资料。     

紫茎泽兰对三种岩溶地区木本植物种子萌发的化感作用

采用生物测定法研究了紫茎泽兰叶和根水浸提液对任豆、香椿和龙须藤等三种岩溶木本植物种子萌发的化感作用。结果表明,除最低浓度(0.0125 g/mL)外,其它浓度的叶浸提液均能显著抑制香椿种子的萌发及幼苗生长,浓度越高抑制作用越大;对任豆和龙须藤种子萌发也有一定的化感作用,但抑制作用相对较弱,有时为促进作用。紫茎泽兰叶浸提液对受试植物的化感作用强于根水浸提液。     

表型可塑性和局域适应在紫茎泽兰入侵不同海拔生境中的作用

紫茎泽兰是我国危害最严重的外来入侵物种之一,为探讨表型可塑性和局域适应在其入侵中的作用,在高、低海拔的两个样地内,测定了来自云南南部640～2450 m海拔范围的6个种源的紫茎泽兰种群的株高、冠宽、分枝数和高温半致死温度(HSLT).结果表明,在高海拔样地,各种群紫茎泽兰株高、冠宽、分枝数和HSLT(2130 m的哀牢山种群除外)均显著低于在低海拔样地,紫茎泽兰各种群的株高、冠宽和分枝数的可塑性指数(0.881～0.975)均较大,而HSLT的可塑性(0.052～0.200)较小.无论在高还是低海拔样地,紫茎泽兰的株高、冠宽和分枝数在种群间的差异均不显著,而HSLT在种群间的差异达极显著水平,表现出明显的遗传分化,但其在种群间的差异仍小于其在样地间的差异.在高海拔样地,紫茎泽兰各种群的分枝数与种源海拔呈显著正相关;在低海拔样地,紫茎泽兰的HSLT与种源海拔呈显著负相关,表现出明显的局域适应特征.表型可塑性和局域适应均与紫茎泽兰的入侵有关,但前者的作用可能更大.     

紫茎泽兰茎和叶片色素及叶绿素荧光相关参数对不同温度处理的响应差异

通过人工模拟低温(12 ℃)、常温(25 ℃)、高温(35 ℃)生境,对紫茎泽兰茎和叶片色素(叶绿素a,b,类胡萝卜素,花青素)含量和组成、叶绿素荧光参数包括最大荧光效率Fv/Fm、光系统II效率ФpsⅡ、光化学淬灭系数qP、非光化学淬灭系数NPQ、热耗散速率HDR进行了动态测定.结果表明:在低温和高温胁迫处理过程中,茎和叶片的色素含量和组成随时间变化趋势基本一致,但茎的变化幅度明显低于叶片.与此类似,茎和叶片叶绿素荧光参数在不同温度处理过程中的变化趋势一致,但是茎各指标的变化幅度普遍小于相应叶片的变化幅度:低温下,茎的ФpsⅡ和ETR较对照最大降低44%,而叶片降低超过60%;高温下,茎的ФpsⅡ和ETR较对照下降16%～57%;而叶片则下降50%～80%.其产生原因在于:在温度胁迫条件下,叶片获取光能用于光化学过程的份额(qP)大幅下降,用于热耗散的份额(NPQ)大幅上升,茎的情况相反,所获取光能用于光化学电子传递的份额较常温下更多、用于热耗散的减少,这使得茎的耗散速率(HDR)升高的幅度显著低于叶片的升高幅度(p<0 05).综合3个温度的测定结果,茎的叶绿素含量相当于叶片的1/3～1/6,茎的叶绿素a/b较叶片低20%左右,但是光合电子传导速率ETR与叶片相当,这使得茎的光合色素利用效率ETR/Chl远高于叶片.叶片和茎叶绿素荧光参数在不同温度处理下变化趋势一致、但叶片的变化幅度远大于茎的这一响应差异,使得在适宜温度下紫茎泽兰叶片光合对整体光合贡献增大,而在温度胁迫条件下茎的光合贡献增大,这种策略使得这一植物在适宜生境下通过叶片光合、快速生长迅速占据生境,而在逆境条件下茎等非同化器官光合贡献增加,有利于其在逆境中的保存.     

Evaluation of Eupatorium cannabinum Linn. oil in enhancement of shelf life of mango fruits from fungal rotting

Essential oils extracted from 17 higher plants belonging to different families were screened against Botryodiplodia theobromae and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing stem end rot disease and anthracnose disease in mango respectively. The essential oil of Eupatorium cannabinum was found to be fungitoxic in nature against both the mango-rotting fungi. Eupatorium oil was standardized through physico-chemical and fungitoxic properties. Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC) analysis of the oil led to the identification of 16 components, which represented 77.97% of the oil. Germacrene D (16.11%) was found to be the major component. The oil showed a broad fungitoxic spectrum and was recorded to be more efficient than some synthetic fungicides. The oil also showed an inhibitory effect on pectinase and cellulase enzymes. The oil enhanced the shelf life of mango fruits by protecting from fungal rotting when tested as a fumigant. The LD₅₀ of Eupatorium oil was found to be 22.01 ml/kg body weight on mammalian mice.     

Characteristics of the microbial community in rhizosphere of Camptotheca acuminata cultured with exotic invasive plant Eupatorium adenophorum

The traditional culture-dependent plate counting and culture-independent small-subunit-ribosomal RNA gene-targeted molecular techniques, Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) and ter-minal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (tRFLP) combined with 16S rDNA clone library were adopted to investigate the impacts of secretion from Camptotheca acuminata (abbreviated to Ca) roots on the quantities and structure of eukaryotic microbes and bacteria in the rhizosphere, and the possi-bility that Ca controls exotic invasive plant Eupatorium adenophorum (Ea). The counting results indi-cated that the number of bacteria increased in turn in rhizospheres of Ea, Ca-Ea mixed culture and Ca, while that of eukaryotic microbes decreased. PCR-SSCP profiles showed eukaryotic microbial bands (corresponding to biodiversity) in rhizosphere of Ea were more complex than those of Ca and CE. Meristolohmannia sp., Termitomyces sp. and Rhodophyllus sp. were the dominant populations in the rhizosphere of Ca. Bacterial terminal restriction fragments (TRFs) profiles showed no difference among three kinds of rhizospheres, and the sequences of the 16S rDNA clone library from Ca rhizospheres were distributed in 10 known phyla, in which phylum Proteobacteria were the absolute dominant group and accounted for 24.71% of the cloned sequences (δ-Proteobacteria accounted for up to 17.65%), and phyla Acidobacteria and Bacteroidetes accounted for 16.47% and 10.59% of the cloned sequences, respectively. In addition, high performance liquid chromatography detected a trace amount of camp-tothecin and hydroxycamptothecin in the rhizospheric soil of Ca and CE, but examined neither camp-tothecin nor hydroxycamptothecin in rhizospheric soil of Ea. Therefore, invasion and diffusion of Ea evidently depended on distinguishing the eukaryotic community structure, but not on that of the bac-terial pattern. Ca was able to alter the eukaryotic community structure of invasive Ea by secreting camptothecin and hydroxycamptothecin into rhizospheres, and may benefit the control of overspread of Ea. This study provided theoretical evidence for rhizospheric microbial aspects on substituting Ca for Ea.     

施肥对苗期紫茎泽兰和黑麦草相对竞争力的影响

为种植黑麦草替代控制紫茎泽兰提供依据,运用取代实验法,研究了施肥(氮、磷)对苗期紫茎泽兰和黑麦草的相对竞争力以及生长表现的影响。结果表明:增施氮肥和磷肥均能够提高紫茎泽兰的相对竞争力,而仅磷肥对黑麦草的竞争力略有促进作用;但在各种施肥水平下,黑麦草的竞争力仍然明显强于紫茎泽兰。增施氮肥可以显著提高紫茎泽兰的株高、分枝数和干质量,而磷肥仅在较高时才显著提高其干质量;增施氮肥虽然可以提高黑麦草的分蘖数量,但对其干质量没有影响,而增施磷肥(2次)可以显著提高其干质量;在竞争中紫茎泽兰植株生长的能量分配(用根茎比表示)对磷肥不敏感。建议适当增施磷肥、不施或少施氮肥,以提高黑麦草的替代控制效果。     

利用丛生芽和愈伤组织微繁技术培养紫茎泽兰的研究

通过丛生芽直接增殖和愈伤组织再分化两条途径建立紫茎泽兰的无性系,可为进一步研究紫茎泽兰入侵的分子生态机制提供植物材料。结果表明:MS+BA2.0mg·L-1+NAA0.05mg·L-1为丛生芽增殖的最适培养基,MS+BA0.1mg·L-1+NAA0.1mg·L-1和MS+BA2.0mg·L-1+NAA0.2mg·L-1分别适于叶片愈伤组织的诱导和分化,而1/2MS+IAA0.1mg·L-1对生根最有利。     

外来入侵种--紫茎泽兰花芽分化和胚胎学研究

应用石蜡切片法对紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)从花芽分化到胚胎形成的全过程进行系统观察,结果表明:紫茎泽兰从刚孕花序至头状花序的直径(d)大小为1.6～1.8 mm时为花芽分化期;d在1.8～2.0和3.8～4.0 mm范围内为大小孢子及雌雄配子体发育期,其中d在2.3～3.5 mm之间时为减数分裂的主要过程;药壁分化过程为双子叶型,胞质分裂为同时型,绒毡层发育属腺质绒毡层,成熟花粉粒为3-细胞型;胚囊发育属蓼形,胚珠倒生,单珠被,薄珠心;胚胎发育过程中有双胚现象.